My Deceased Grandma From A Dream - 1516 Words

My deceased Grandma came to me in a dream. It was not just a dream but also a vision, I am sure of it! Amid all the problems I suffered from spirituality in life, my grandma wanted to explain to me that I was not responsible for her death. See, I blamed myself foolishly for killing her because instead of staying with her I went to my cousin’s home to spend the night. By refusing to stay with her, I determined that instead of the pacemaker malfunctioning, I caused her heart to stop. In the dream, Grandma spoke to me in earnest trying to convince me that I could not have prevented her death even if I had been with her. I, of course, did not care about thinking along those lines because I wanted to be with her and cherish her again. Fondly,†¦show more content†¦She decided that I went too often to the place and stayed out too late. Protestations would not arise from me about her decision. Possibly, Mother was correct about unfulfilled longings for something more manifesting themselves in that dark mirror called dreams. Maybe, there was nothing more as the visiting minister alluded. As I predicted, I felt the forces of that night of rapture ebb. With it, I felt the guilt of causing grandma’s death dissipate. The nightmare helped cure my mind. Also, attending church, any church lost its appeal. The one thing that was missing from my life, sanctification through the Holy Ghost was already in me according to the preacher. If what I had was enough to be a saint, it was not worth the trouble I determined. It made no sense that I would spend the remainder of my days half empty spiritually. In church, I learned how good God is—that He can do anything. What was I supposed to do in return and how would I know it when I did it? As I started to reflect on my life more, the more I reasoned about things, the more confusion stifled my thinking. With the progression of the freshman year at high school, I digressed morally. One night, I went to my cousin Terry, a Mormon, but not to my knowledge, and told him I grew tired of my chastity. I wanted to remove the title of virgin from next to my name, and I figured he knew what to do. As a very attractive guy who seemed to catch the eye of the girls,Show MoreRelatedThe Best Family Values Policy Platform Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesAfter obtaining my recent degree in Anthropology from the University of Georgia and securing a job as a campaign assistant for a candidate running for U.S. senate, I have been assigned the task to help my candidate write the best family values policy platform he can. To accomplish this goal, I have interviewed one participant, nineteen-year-old Brandon, about his kinship system. This will help me gather information on the social issues o f a family and family values. 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Starion Entrepreneurship Case Analysis Free Essays

string(77) " device uses ultrasound to generate the heat needed to cut and seal tissues\." M3786 NEW VENTURE PLANNING SAMPLE CASE ANALYSIS REPORT STARION ENTREPRENEURSHIP SAMPLE CASE ANALYSIS REPORT Starion Instruments, headquartered in Sunnyvale, CA is a private company with core IP assets based on the exclusive license of groundbreaking medical research in the field of laser tissue welding. Starion hopes to revolutionize the electrosurgical field with the introduction of products like its cautery forceps used for cutting and sealing (cauterizing) tissue. The overall annual market for these types of medical devices is in excess of $1 billion. We will write a custom essay sample on Starion Entrepreneurship Case Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, Starion’s promising IP and continued research goals will enable it to gain a significant foothold in the worldwide medical technology industry with sales reaching $150 billion annually. The foundation of Starion’s IP lies in the hands of Dr. Michael Treat’s research. In the 1980s Dr. Treat and Dr. Larry Bass, a plastic surgeon resident at Columbia Presbyterian, started experimenting with lasers in surgery. With a humble beginning the two surgeons worked from Columbia Presbyterian’s 17th floor lab on their innovative research. Together, these two pioneers invented the field of laser tissue welding – using thermal energy to rejoin tissue severed in surgery. However, this technology remained uncommercialized for several years after its initial discovery. Shelly Monfort, a Stanford-trained engineer, began her entrepreneurial career in 1986. With a background in RD on medical devices as well as start-up experience, commercializing those devices, Ms. Monfort and two engineers, Ken Mollenaur and George Hermann, were involved in the creation, funding, and exit of at least 6 surgical device companies from 1990-1996. Ken Mollenaur maintains experience designing and building medical prototypes. George Hermann possesses extensive experience navigating the medical device approval process; working with the major regulatory bodies in the industries. By June 1988, Ms. Monfort had signed a license with Columbia; Starion Instruments could now begin building a staff and a product to bring to market. With their exclusive licensing deal in place, Dr. Treat left Columbia for Starion’s California headquarters and began developing the product. In October 1999 Starion instruments, represented by Dr. Treat, made its debut at the American College of Surgeons Conference, the single most important industry event for people who would buy and use the product. At the time, the company’s goal was to raise $750,000 in capital. Ms. Monfort assembled $2 million from private investors along with a pair of venture capital firms. At the time Starion’s valuation was $7 million. This was a crucial point for the company. Success or failure is often based on an initial market foray. The direction chosen by management in this situation had an irrevocable effect on the company’s overall performance. A capital infusion of only $750,000 severely limited the company’s marketing and development capabilities and was a gross underestimation of the company’s capital needs; a clear representation of Ms. Monfort’s inexperience. Furthermore, the company’s additional capital requirements were highlighted by the investors’ willingness to infuse a $2,000,000 round when only solicited for $750,000. To Ms. Monfort’s credit it was her colleague and mentor, Dr. Thomas Fogarty, a legend in the surgical world, who insisted on the additional capital. The company planned to go to market with a package consisting of single use disposable forceps and a disposable battery pack. The forceps would carry a price tag of $410 and the battery pack would list for $39. The effort was directed toward an open surgery application. Open surgeries accounted for approximately 80% of procedures performed at the time. Starion planned to eventually expand to laparoscopic devices once it gained additional market share. An important aspect of Starion’s strategy was to market its product as not only a superior tool as far as results, but also to highlight the simplicity and cost effectiveness of its offering. Surgeons, the principal buyer in this space, are known to be fairly innovative, willing to try new things. However, it is only with repeated use that they gain skill with a given device. Therefore, it is critical that they see not only a cost advantage, but a significant increase in product performance in order for considerable adoption to take place. Starion’s choice to focus on the core buyer requirements magnifies their intimate knowledge of the space and contributed greatly to the company’s overall success. The decision was made to concentrate on an open surgery strategy. Early adoption, particularly for a small fish in a big pond, is critical to any start up. This direction, spearheaded by management, was a deft decision for several reasons. The customer base in this field consists of an end user with a complex hierarchy and buyer process. However, it is ultimately the end user’s decision which makes or breaks a product in this ield. Therefore, the decision to launch the product for use in open surgeries as opposed to laparoscopic procedures vastly increased the attractiveness to the early adopter base. The open surgery tool strategy enabled doctors to rely on backwards compatibility (the ability to simply fall back on the tried and true cut and suture method), another key point with â€Å"experimentalâ €  tools and methods. Prior to Starion’s laser tissue welding breakthrough, the most common electrosurgical tool was the monopolar device, also known as the Bovie device. With this technology, the patient is wired to a grounding pad that provides a path for the electrical current to flow. The surgeon uses an electrode to pass a high-frequency electrical current through a patient to cut and cauterize tissue in a selected area. The Bovie requires a generator that costs between $7,500 and $10,500 a year. In addition, each operation requires disposable (one time use) grounding pads and electrodes, whose combined cost is 5 to 6 dollars per procedure. The disadvantages include (relatively rare) situations in which the device causes burns to the patient at the side of the grounding pad. Additionally, the Bovie’s high energy output can interfere with the ever growing mass of electronic equipment in modern operating rooms. An alternative to the Bovie device is the UltraCision, also known as the harmonic scalpel. This device uses ultrasound to generate the heat needed to cut and seal tissues. You read "Starion Entrepreneurship Case Analysis" in category "Essay examples" Ethicon Endo-Surgery Inc. a Jonson Johnson subsidiary owns UltraCision. Starion estimates that the ultrasound based product has annual sales of approximately $100 million. Like the Bovie device, the UltraCision system requires a reusable power supply, which costs approximately $15,000. The system also uses an electrical cable that costs $630 and must be replaced after approximately 100 surgeries. In addition, single-use tips that cost approximately $325 are also required. Given the relatively high degree of cost associated with marketing medical technologies, Starion pursued a strategy in which it would segment a large market and avoid going head to head with its competitors. Due to its small size and relative weaknesses, Starion was forced to parse the market even further deciding to promote its technology specifically for use in a single procedure which would greatly reduce the overall cost of their product launch. The variable costs, excluding sales commissions, for both the battery and forceps were projected to equal about 40% of the sales price. Fixed costs, excluding RD, were expected to total $1. 1 million in the first year of operation and $1. 65 million in the second year. RD for the first year was projected at $1. 25 million and $1. 45 million for the second year. Given the industry standard, this team had the necessary components for a successful start-up. The initial engineering and development of a product like Dr. Treat’s is best done in a small workshop by passionate and dedicated serial entrepreneurs. However, the team’s inability to surrender the reigns of the company inexorably inhibited the firm’s future growth. Conversely, the small, dedicated team was able to react dynamically to the market positioning their product with care in a segment which allowed a gain in market share. This short-term success may well translate to continued development; however, the degree of future shareholder value is limited by an order of magnitude equal to the founder’s shortsightedness. In the medical device field, there are some significant barriers to entry; the combination of patents, expensive/extensive clinical trials and research in conjunction with strict federal government oversight can overwhelm smaller companies, and help protect established players against competition. The FDA is the primary regulator of medical devices, and its mandate is to insure that the devices that reach the market are safe and effective. The medical device industry is populated by a small number of major device manufacturers and diversified medical companies in addition to the large number of small companies. Dominant players in the industry include: Johnson Johnson, Baxter International, Becton Dickinson, Medtronic, Guidant, Boston Scientific, and U. S. Surgical (a unit of Tyco). The combined market capitalization of the industry leaders mentioned is approximately $300 billion with the smallest just over $9 billion (Source: Bloomberg). Medical products and services companies invest around 8% of annual revenues in RD, this compares to 3 to 4% invested by U. S. manufacturers (Standard Poors). However, the true path to innovation in this industry is through mergers and acquisitions. Due to overwhelming development and production costs coupled with a large upfront marketing outlay, partnership and acquisitions are the industry norm, not the exception. Even well capitalized companies will often choose the route above, rather than face the huge barriers that exist in this market. The Four P’s: Product, Promotion, Protection and Price. Product – Revolutionary technology. Promotion – Combination of in-house and franchised channels. Protection – Strong IP backed not only by the company but by Columbia. Price – 91. 45% savings†¦Speaks for itself. Further data was not supplied however the following is an example of some of the continued financial analysis we would conduct. Financial analysis: Profit ratios: Gross Profit Margin = (Sales revenue – COGS) / Sales Revenue Net Profit Margin = Net Income / Sales Revenue Return on total Assets = Net income available to common stock holders / Total Assets Return on stock holders equity = net income available to common stock holders / stockholders equity Liquidity Ratios: Current Ratios = Current Assets / Current liabilities Quick Ratio = (Current assets – Inventory) / Current liabilities Inventory Turnover = COGS / Inventory Leverage Ratios: Debt-to-Assets Ratio = Total Debt / Total Assets Debt-To-Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Total Equity Cash Flow Analysis: Determine appropriate debt levels, payout periods and additional analysis to confirm liquidity. Net Profit Margin = Net Income / Sales Revenue First Year: -4,639,464/4,000,000= -1. 16 Second Year: -689,333/8,000,000 = -. 086 Gross Profit Margin = (Sales revenue – COGS) / Sales Revenue (4,000,000 – 1600000) / 4,000,000 = 0. 6 Pricing strategy: Pricing is currently very aggressive and sales strategy prudent. Initial management was executed properly, however it is likely that changes will need to be made in the near term to achieve significant market share. Partners: Strategic alignments are mainstays in this industry and should be aggressively pursued. Strategic investment; merger; acquisition. Intellectual Property: IP is an essential aspect of any medical device company given the simplicity of the concept; the device may come up against some protection issues. Early indications seem to support the strength of the company’s IP, however it is certainly a concern which warrants further investigation. Note: Both Starion and Columbia would be behind any major IP issue. Given the state of the industry and the unique positioning of the company’s IP prospects a partnership/acquisition would be our main point of recommendation in the near term. During this transition it may be prudent to rethink the current organizational structure, with a specific focal point on senior management (when moving to a new phase often times senior management, who were suited for the initial stage or better succeeded by a new team). RECOMMENDATIONS: Our recommendation consists of three key elements that will drive profitability, continued growth, and increase market share – adding shareholder value. Breakeven and ultimately profitability can be achieved (1) by instituting aggressive pricing to both vendors and sales force, (2) the merger of Starion Instruments with a bigger firm and/or (3) the acquisition of another firm that will allow them to manufacture, distribute, market and sell the product at a cheaper and more efficient manner. Current State: Currently, Starion is the one of the world leaders on surgical device development. It has expanded worldwide distribution of its proprietary tissue welding technology to physicians in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Last year the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons named Starion Instruments the 2007 Innovator of the Year for the development of its next-generation Tissue Ligating Shears which use its innovative cut and cauterizing technology. Since the launch of their original Cautery Forceps, Starion has created an entire line of Forceps and Ligating Shears which can all be viewed on their website http://www. starioninstruments. com/products. html. They are still a privately held company which is astounding given their tremendous success. This is not surprising given the fact that the first time they were offered to be bought out they declined. This has kept the leadership at the mercy of the owners and founders and will provide a unique company such as Starion the ability to continue providing innovative, cost efficient, and quality How to cite Starion Entrepreneurship Case Analysis, Essay examples

Star Cement Company for Plant Design and Lay Out- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theStar Cement Company for Plant Design and Lay Out. Answer: Organization background Star cement is of the largest cement manufacturing company that is located in India. It occupies a large piece of land spanning to about 40 acres. This manufacturing company stands out as one of the most successful cement company with best accreditation in the regions OF North East India. This manufacturing company is headed by a chairperson. He led a management board which comprises mainly of marketing director, chemical engineer, industrialist and an economist. The management comprises of these variety of skills in order to ensure that the company the right decisions with regards to the cement production. The right choices are meant to keep propelling the organization to greater levels in the manufacturing industry. The industrial, economic, marketing, organization and chemical engineering skills amassed through the input of the management board can never allow for any loopholes in the production process of the company(Anon., 2016). Plant Design and lay out The star cement company is strategically located in the North East India. The region where it is situated, Lumshnog town in Meghalaya ensure constant supply and availability of limestone which is an important raw material for cement manufacturing. It therefore experience both good site advantage and constant linkage to the raw materials. This company also has a proactive expansion advantage given the large piece of land that it occupies. Moreover, the design of the company is beautiful putting ahead of most of its competitors. This company is a subsidiary of another company known as the Century Plyboards Limited which also operates in India. The company is capable to produce a variety of products ranging from the Ordinary Portland cement to Portland Pozzolana Cement. These products are produced in different quantities based on the needs of the consumers. The plants design is strategic to the access of the raw materials reserves of coal, shale and limestone. A new production unit capa ble of producing up to 0.46 MTPA units has been established through its subsidiary unit that has a production capacity of 1.0 MTPA(Anon., 2016). Description of the process of production The first step in the production process involves acquisition of Limestone. Limestones is carried after blasting using eco-friendly methods to the Star Cement Company for further processing. Upon reaching the plant, the limestone are broken using crushers to the required millers feed. Moreover, desired featured are measured in order to predict the quality of the limestone that would be produced(Anon., 2016). After this process, fine grinding of the limestone is done. Separation of the light and the heavy materials is achieved in this process by blowing hot air on the grounded materials in a vertical versions. The lighter material is taken through a preheating process whereas the heavy ones are taken back to the grinding process. After preheating, a chemical reaction occurs when the heating temperature is reached. The final step in the manufacturing process involves grinding of cement. Packaging of the cement is done before it taken to the stores and various points of sale. Work force issues affecting the process Star Cement Company is the leading manufacturing company in this region in the world. As a leading manufacturer, it has a wide variety of personnel that help to achieve the objectives of the Company. These big force brings great challenges to the company as each department within the company has their own issues of concern. However, the major work force issues that affects this company is health concern. This concern spans across all departments within the company. Issues of health are brought about by the dust that comes from limestone used to produce cement. According to health reports, the dust from limestone is a leading cause of lung problems. This has made most staff within the company to request for health insurance and even early retirement in some cases(Anon., 2016). Quality control system in place Maintenance of the quality of the cement is of great essence since it determine the rank of the company with regards to other companies. Quality control is a scientific process and require knowledge of scientist. At Star Company, quality of cement is controlled by regulating the amount of gypsum and pozzolanic compounds. The production unit ensures that high percentage of gypsum occurs at all times to ensure high quality cement that can withstand pressure and weight of rocks used in building(Anon., 2016). Classification of production system in place The system of production at Star Cement Company involves three basic processes. The first level is the extraction unit which involves mining of the limestone from the rocks. This process of production initiates the entire system. The amount of lime extract would determine the production capacity of the company. The next level of the production is the actual processing of the raw materials. This process involves crushing, heating and separation to get cement. The final process in the production process involves packaging and storage. After this process the only process left is sale of the produced limestone (Worrell, Kermeli and Galitsky, 2013). Identification of operations problems The main operation problem experience in this process of production is varying levels of limestone in different bedrocks. This means adjustments have to be made regarding amount of pozzolan or other substances added. This challenge makes it difficult to produce cement without analyzing the limestone being used. It should be understood that analysis process is always costly and this leads to high cost being incurred in the production of limestone. Assuming analysis could be done at once, a lot of funds would be saved (Mancini and Copeland, 1986, pp. 386). Conclusion Cement production is an important process due to the fact that building depend on cement as one of the most important requirement. Different companies all over the world specialize in the production of this vital product. The organization of the companies involved in this process is of great essence. Star Cement Company is a leading Cement producer in East North India. This translates that the company employs most of the people in this part of the world. Quality control is of great importance to the company since it ensure that high standards are maintained in the production process. Just like any other company, there are challenges that the workforce face and it is upon management to address these issues (Anon., 2016). References Worrell, E., Kermeli, K. and Galitsky, C., 2013. Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for Cement Making An ENERGY STAR Guide for Energy and Plant Managers. Mancini, E.A. and Copeland, C.W., 1986. St. Stephens Quarry (Lone Star Cement Company Quarry), St. Stephens, Washington County, Alabama, where a near complete Oligocene section, including the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, is exposed. Centennial Field Guide, 6, pp.373-378. Anon., 2016. Star Cement. [Online] Available at: https://starcement.co.in/?page_id=31825 [Accessed 25 8 2017].

Myasthenia Gravis Essays - Autoimmune Diseases,

Myasthenia Gravis Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder. The term myasthenia is Latin for muscle weakness, and gravis for grave or serious. It is characterized by random weakness of voluntary muscle groups. Muscle groups most commonly affected include the eye muscles, facial, chewing and swallowing muscles, and shoulder and hip muscles. It is typical for a myasthenic patient to have a flattened smile, droopy eyes and an ineffective cough due to weak expiratory muscles, are all also associated with MG. Most myasthenic patients usually dont complain of extensive feelings of fatigue. They experience localized fatigue in specific, repeatedly used muscles. Today, MG is one of the most thoroughly understood neurological disorders, which has lead to treatments, which enormously improves the length and quality of life of myasthenics. Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease in which the lymphocytes in the blood produce antibodies that destroy muscle-cell sites for the reception of acetylcholine molecules. Normally, acetylcholine is used in signal transmission between nerves and muscles, its goal is to provide muscle contractions. The diagnosis for MG is often very difficult. Since there are many disorders that cause weakness, a number of tests may be used to determine a diagnosis of MG. In addition to a complete medical and neurological evaluation, a blood test for the abnormal antibodies can be completed to see if they are present. Three studies are used for the diagnosis of MG, anit-AchR antibody titers, the Tensilon test, and electromyography, including both the Jolly test and single fiber EMG. Used together, these three studies are almost 100% sensitive for Myasthenia Gravis. There is no known cure for MG, but there are effective treatments that allow many, bur not all people with MG, to lead full regular lives. Therefore, the next concern would be to decrease or eliminate the symptoms that go along with the disease. Common treatments include medications, thymectomy and plasmaphersis. Thymectomy is the surgical removal of the thymus glad. By removing the thymus gland it lessens the severity of the MG weakness after many months. Plasmapheresis or plasma exchange is a procedure of removing the abnormal antibodies from the plasma of the blood. This is brief due to the abnormal antibodies continually producing. Treatment is based on the individual and their severity of the MG weakness and the patients age and sex. There may be minimal restrictions on lifestyle, sexuality, and on some activities in many cases. Chemicals such as pesticides and insecticides, hot tubs, and extremes in temperature should be avoided, which can interfere with the AcH. Remission is possible but there is no cure. The only hope for treatment for Myasthenia Gravis is depending upon the testing and research that is continually being done. Medicine Essays

Roosevelts New Deal Essays

Roosevelts New Deal Essays Roosevelts New Deal Essay Roosevelts New Deal Essay In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt won the presidential election with 57% of the vote. His predecessor was Herbert Hoover, a Republican who believed in the policies of rugged individualism and laissez-faire. This election took place during the Great Depression. Although Hoover during his presidential period tried to introduce policies that would improve the standard of life of those struck by unemployment and poverty as a result of the Depression, the situation barely improved. After the lame duck period from November 1932 to March 1933, President Roosevelt came into power. He intended to bring America out of Depression by restoring hope and faith into the people, and by direct aid through relief (handouts to relieve poverty and stop people from losing homes or farms), through recovery (revive the economy and help unemployment rates) and through reform (introduce aid measures such as social security and pensions for people in the USA). Roosevelt achieved the latter through a series of agencies and policies to relieve the Depression, which collectively became known as the New Deal. Some examples of these policies which related to relief were the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps. These policies involved direct government aid and initiative, and therefore were seen as a change to society from Hoovers laissez-faire ideals. Recovery was initiated in acts such as the National Industry Recovery Act and the Tennessee Valley Authority. As the government had previously not been involved heavily in the business sector, this was a drastic change. With the Bank Holiday of 1933, Roosevelt closed down all banks, so that the government could reorganize them, which it did with the Emergency Banking Relief Act (authorized government to monitor the banks finances to determine its condition) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) of 1933 (provided an insurance of deposits in banks to a maximum of $100,000 per depositor, which meant that if the banks crashed, the government would compensate for the individuals deposited money). This boosted the publics confidence and bank deposits, which restored the banks ability to invest in other businesses with its new monetary source. With the banks investment, many new businesses formed and developed while old ones reopened and began to recover from the Great Depression. Not only that, the Home Owners Loan Corporation and the Farm Credit Administration, by providing refinancing, low interests, and mortgages, the two encouraged people to borrow money from the banks, which increased the source of income for the banks to flourish and invest in other businesses. In addition, the Securities Act of 1933, which created the Securities and Exchange Commission, ensured the soundness of stocks and bonds by forbidding the speculative business practices (for example, stock-watering) that led to the Wall Streets crash, further hindering the possibility of another crash of businesses. Finally, the National Recovery Administration guaranteed profits to businesses by setting minimum prices on certain goods. Indeed, Roosevelts first New Deal was composed of numerous legislatives that helped businesses revive. Of course, that didnt mean that the first New Deal was completely unfavorable to labor. The National Recovery Administration gave workers the rights to organize into a union and bargain as a union with its employers. Also, it established provisions for guaranteeing fair wages and hours for labor by setting standards for wages, labor hours, and expected production levels. Not only that, it provided millions with desperately needed jobs. However, despite the aid given to the laborers, the first New Deal stopped short at providing jobs and few laborer rights, while the significant right to unionize was declared unconstitutional in the case of Schecter v US. Thus, the first New Deal benefited the businesses more significantly than it did to labor. Roosevelts second New Deal, by contrast, favored labor by improving the laborers conditions with new numerous legislatives. It provided a significant number of jobs to the unemployed. For example, the Works Progressive Administration of 1935 employed 3.4 million men and women in its first year of constructing public works, and 9 million over a period of 8 years. Secondly, it provided desperately demanded reforms regarding laborers rights. For example with the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, the laborers were granted the right to organize into unions and to bargain as a union with their employers, and this was not declared unconstitutional, unlike the NRA of Roosevelts first New Deal. Also, this outlawed business practices that were deemed unfair to laborers, and the National Labor Relations Board was established in order to enforce those aforementioned rights. The acts success in benefiting the cause of labor was reflected by the creation of the Congress of Industrial Organizat ions, which was a significant and successful union of the unskilled laborers. In addition, the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 further favored the laborers by setting the maximum limit of working hours to 40 hours per week, and established minimum wages of 40 cents per hour. Furthermore, the act prohibited the employment of those under the age of 16, which was a demand by pro-laborers in the past. Finally, the second New Deal guaranteed financial assistance to the laborers. The Social Security Act of 1935 provided federal insurance, or simply monthly federal payments, to retired laborers over the age of 65, unemployed, physically disabled, dependent children and their mothers. Also, the Resettlement Administration was established under Roosevelt with the goal of resettling landless farmers to lands of better quality, providing loans to sharecroppers, tenants, and small farmers, and establishing numerous federal camps, in which destitute migrant workers could be housed in decent conditions. Overall, it could be observed that Roosevelts second New Deal granted the laborers new rights, which further improved their conditions, thus favoring labor. It is not a surprise that Roosevelt was able to gain extreme popularity with his New Deal program because he benefited both labor and business under the common objective of relieving the nation after the Great Depression: he revived the crashed businesses and granted new rights to the laborers, which improved their conditions.

Essential Tips to Mind Dealing with University Homework

Essential Tips to Mind Dealing with University Homework Essential Tips to Mind Dealing with University Homework You may be comfortable and confident with the way that you were taught to complete written assignments and assessments during your secondary school years, but undoubtedly you will find that when you move on to college, university, or other tertiary studies that the expectations are at a whole different level. When you are completing your homework or assessments for your university studies, there are a lot of things to think about. Achieving good grades during your university studies requires you to follow some specific ways of structuring your work, demonstrating the process that you have followed to build your arguments and support your conclusions. In this article, we will take a look at some of the key aspects of written assessment or homework that you need to bear in mind when you are tackling your university homework. Profound Research One of the most important elements of your written research is demonstrating that you have identified and understood the research that is available on the topic that you are addressing. Often, this will be presented as a literature review, you need to be able to clearly articulate what the current research and thinking are on the chosen topic. If you are conducting additional, original research, then you need to clearly document this and include your findings in your writing to demonstrate how it supports the argument that you are making and the conclusions that you have reached. Supported Claims This level of university assessment requires you to be able to illustrate your writing with the facts needed to back up any claims that you are making. You have to be able to verify what you are saying this type of assessment is not an opinion piece. If you are making any sort of claim or assertion, then you need to be able to demonstrate what you are basing those claims on. Creative Skills Your university studies are a great opportunity to develop and demonstrate your critical thinking and creative approach to problem-solving. It is important that you are not simply repeating what everyone else has already said on a specific subject. You need to try and find a fresh point of view or a fresh perspective on the subject that you are writing about. Professional Language The language that you use when writing your assessment or homework is almost as important as what you are actually saying. You need to present your information and arguments clearly, professional, using a neutral tone, not an emotive tone. Think of it as speaking to someone that you have not met before, not one of your close friends. You need to impress them with your ability to clearly convey and explain your point of view. Whatever subject you are studying or whatever level of studies you have reached, ensuring that you bear in mind the basic principles required to achieve great grades in your assessments will get you a long way. Do not let yourself be overwhelmed by the amount of work that you need to complete, prioritize the most important things you need to get done, stay focused, and keep working towards your academic aspirations. If you need help with your university homework assignment, dont hesitate to contact our online homework writing service with academic experts you can fully rely on.

How far has law moved away from binary understandings of sex and Essay

How far has law moved away from binary understandings of sex and gender Critically discuss with reference to AT LEAST one aspec - Essay Example In the years where the feminist movement was strong, the clamour for laws in relation to gender discrimination was very much significant. In the years which followed said movement, civil provisions were implemented, primarily those seeking to prevent the proliferation of abusive and discriminatory gender-based acts. This paper will now discuss how far the law has moved away from binary understandings of sex and gender. It will critically discuss this issue with reference to the understanding of sex and gender and the gendering of the body. This essay is being carried out in order to establish a thorough review of available studies on gender bias and legal processes which seek to prevent and manage its manifestation. It is also being carried out in order to provide this student a detailed understanding of the available legal processes which have been put in place in relation to gender-based issues and activities. Body The terms sex and gender are often interchanged in their use or app lication. Even if they may refer to similar things, they actually refer to various aspects in a person’s life1. Sex is the anatomical difference between the sexes largely based on how they have developed from birth and to the person’s adolescent years. ... Under these conditions, the social constructs and gender expectation indicate that males are expected to play rough, and females to have a gentler and more refined side4. Males are expected to be physically strong and to play with cars and toy soldiers; females are expected to be physically weak and to play with dolls and non-violent games. The different interpretation and understanding of gender is the main issue for this essay. The current laws are varied based on the countries and the type of societies involved. In the international sphere however, the United Nations has set forth primary laws which are aimed towards protecting the rights of women, veering away from the binary understandings of sex or specific gender descriptions and roles5. The extent to which the law has moved away from binary understandings of sex and gender is a matter which can be evaluated based on specific topics, including the sexing of the body through male and female circumcisions and the sexing of the c hild. When considering the importance of legal gender, it is important to address different questions that help ensure its significant understanding. Some of these issues are legal by nature and others refer to more social considerations6. The current UK laws on legal gender recognize the male and female designations of individuals which are required for UK birth certificates7. These designations indicate legal sex and gender. These designations are also founded on sexual or anatomical considerations. A legal precedent in the UK on gender refers to the Corbett v. Corbett case in 1970 where the husband of a transsexual named April asked the courts to nullify their marriage because April was legally a male at

Sources of Power Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sources of Power Paper - Essay Example The motive of public leadership is to set a vision and motivate people to follow it with the purpose of ensuring unity. These leaders create a positive environment and promote shared standards and high performances filled with team spirit and trust. They also aim to drive successful actions and results collectively. The United States of America has a total of 435 constituencies and each have their own public leader. The federal government in the USA is not supposed to intervene in the policies of the constituencies set by the public leaders. These leaders may take help from the Congress who provides them with members to help them with their problems. The major role of the Congress is to provide service to the constituents by assisting them in providing members to win elections. These constituencies have their own voting and elections in which only the people of that constituency will be able to vote. Public leaders of constituencies can be elected by their constituents and their laws can be limited to their constituencies only (Rehfield, 2005). Constituencies in the United States of America are also known as electoral districts. These electoral districts were seen important in the American politics as they influenced the presidential elections. This was mainly because of certain groups that were not allowed to vote before the civil rights act such as the minorities. Electoral districts allowed the blacks to choose their own public leaders through constituency elections. The systems of these constituencies could be decided and created by the public leaders as far as they followed the American constitution. In 1963, the election system of Georgia was called unconstitutional and invalid as it violated the constitutional amendments. In America, the constituencies can have their own leaders and policies thus they can set rules according to their constituencies’ features and needs. This is because of the power which is assigned to them by the constitution and position. The source of their power is their position, their personal powers and through their people. Before the civil rights act, the blacks were discriminated from voting and participating in elections. The electoral districts have given the blacks representation from constituencies where they are in majority (Rehfield, 2005). In the same way, the rural areas have gained representation and participation in presidential elections. However, there are still constituencies where indirect discrimination exists against blacks such as the policy to allow voting to those who have driving licenses knowing that blacks couldn’t afford them. The public leaders elected in the electoral constituencies have constitutional powers. These elected members become the members of the House of Representatives. They are given the powers to create laws and policies for their constituencies. They also participate in the House of Representatives and present their views for their constituency. The pu blic leaders are assigned those powers that are not in the hands of the federal or state government. Some of the aspects are left for the constituency leaders who set laws according to their region’s needs and demands. They play an important role in bringing their constituents together and motivating them towards a single goal. The positional power is not based on the person’s conduct or behavior, but only on the number of votes that he achieved to gain that position. The US Supreme Court has concluded that the federal government cannot intervene in the lawmaking of the constituencies’ leaders unless they are unconstitutional. The public leaders also have personal power which is derived from their own expertise and knowledge. They are given the powers because of their skills and abilities to deal with them such as

Cognitive and Emotional Intelligence paper sample Essay Example for Free

Cognitive and Emotional Intelligence paper sample Essay DECLARATION I declare that this assessment is my own work, based on my own personal research/study . I also declare that this assessment, nor parts of it, has not been previously submitted for any other unit/module or course, and that I have not copied in part or whole or otherwise plagiarised the work of another student and/or persons. I have read the ACAP Student Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct Policy and understand its implications. I also declare, if this is a practical skills assessment, that a Client/Interviewee Consent Form has been read and signed by both parties, and where applicable parental consent has been obtained. Organisational Behaviour Assessment 1 Two important differences in organisational behaviour are cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence. The following essay evaluates theoretical and practical strengths and limitations of both intelligences and discusses the application of each in modern organisations. Modern organisations face differing challenges to those of the previous century, high turn-over, globalization and the rapid development of ever changing technology all require special attention. It has never been more important to find the right person for the right job. General mental ability does not give the whole picture. There is a link between cognitive and emotional intelligence, each being important contributors to modern organisations. Cognitive intelligence (CI) has traditionally been the indicator of successful job performance (Bosco, Nathan, Allen, 2012). Organisational psychology uses cognitive ability to predict workplace success (Neisser et  al., 1996). Cognitive intelligence can be generally defined as academic ability, IQ or general mental ability, including the ability to critically think and reason logically, to analyse and problem solve, as well as individual aptitude in reading and writing (Sternberg, 2006). CI is a valuable asset in employees, particularly in some specialist fields where critical thinking, logic and reason are required, occupations such as scientific researchers, accountants, economists etc. The capacity of all workers to engage cognitive intelligence in quick and effective decision making serves as an important basis for achieving successful outcomes in the most workplaces. Patton (2003) found a consequence of the developing business climate is the global economy and the Internet, each necessitating an increased speed of communications in business transactions. Decisive leaders are forced to make timely decisions without consult and all the data on hand, such an environment necessitates in the need for higher levels of general mental ability in order to achieve both increased levels and faster acquisition of job knowledge, thus leading to greater levels of job performance (Schmidt Hunter, 2004). CEO of Southwest Organisational Behaviour Assessment 1 Airlines, James Patton, displayed the importance of quick and effective decision making when facing a crisis on September 11, 2001. When planes where grounded and millions of passengers stranded, Patton decided that customers and staff would come first. No employees were required to stand down or take pay cuts, and passengers were given hassle free refunds, furthermore, Southwest employees were encouraged to take passengers to a movie or bowling to pass the time while awaiting news. In the aftermath of 9/11, while most airlines were reducing their workforces by 20% Southwest announced a $179.8 million profit sharing program for employees and managed to retain all staff (Gittell et el, 2006). Other examples of CI are literacy skills, such as reading and writing which are major tools of modern day  businesses: emails, documents and various other item of paperwork require high levels of accuracy for effective communication, efficiency on computers and an ability to learn new technolog y is important in this information world. McKenney, Copeland, Copeland and Mason (1995) propose that the revolution in communications and information technology should be considered as a dominant force in recent social and economic change. Although CI is undeniably important in establishing an efficient workforce it is not the whole picture. The value of cognitive intelligence is irrefutable however some limitations apply. Validities of predicting outcomes in real life are low. According to Viswevaran and Ones (2002), general mental ability accounts for only 25% variance in work performance. Furthermore, they suggest that intelligent behaviour is more than just the result of what intelligence tests measure. A practical example of the limitations of cognitive intelligence can be referred back to the other airlines effected by the 9/11 crisis. While Southwest airlines triumphed against adversary other airlines suffered greatly. There is no denying that the CEO’s of these struggling airlines were people of high cognitive intelligence, however, this personal asset alone was not enough to avoid financial losses, perhaps other ingredients such  as emotional intelligence and adequate policies are still required in order to retain consumer trust. Other CI limitations include measurement, particularly IQ testing which ma y result in adverse impact against minorities (Viswesvaran Ones, 2002). Tests presented in a language other than an individual’s primary language as well as differing cultural approaches make the result of such tests weighted in favour of the culture that produced it. High IQ does not guarantee adequate function in the  workplace. Highly gifted people are often underestimated and misunderstood by peers and society (Nauta Corten, 2002). They may make ineffective leaders as staff may not appreciate their intensity, perfectionism, questioning, and being â€Å"too smart† Heylighten (n.d.). Furthermore, CI does not guarantee a good team player. Elkin and Burke (2008) report Steve Jobs, while an example of a successful individual with extremely high cognitive intelligence, is reputed to have been a tyrant to work for. Critics claim he took credit for ideas that were not his, was not a team player, and was impatient, domineering and obsessive, behaviour which is inducing of high staff turnover or low employee retention rates. They also suggest Jobs strengths such as vision, magnetic charisma, perfectionism, all drove him to be a great CEO but are also the same drives that placed his company, staff and investors at risk. Highly intelligent individuals may have issues with delegation, trust, admitting error or asking for help. When compared to autonomous work, good teamwork enables tasks to be accomplished faster and more efficiently, reduces workloads, work pressure and improves staff relations (Kelly, 2004). Some highly intelligent people, such as those with Asperger’s Syndrome, may have low social skills. Individuals with Aspergers may test very highly on a CI tests but often their communication with others is blunt, awkward, stilted or odd (Shea, 2009). Saaty (1999) suggests that primary language expresses affections rather than ideas or thoughts. An inability to effectively communicate with consumers may result in difficult social relationships. While CI is indeed an important consideration in e mployee ability it is not a stand-alone measure of success. Emotional Intelligence (EI) is increasingly being viewed as having a significant influence on job performance and effective leadership in the workforce. A commonly referred to definition of EI was given by Mayer, Caruso and Salovey (1999) â€Å"Emotional intelligence refers to an ability to  recognise the meanings of emotions and their relationships and to reason and problem solve on the basis of them. Emotional intelligence is involved in the capacity to perceive emotions, assimilate emotion-related feelings, understand the information of those emotions and manage them† (p. 267). EI reflects one’s capacity to cope with daily challenges and may assist in predicting both personal and professional success in life. Assets in any working relationship include social awareness, social networking, relationship management, self-awareness and self-management. While small business has long relied on understanding the importance of social networking and keeping healthy relations hips and positive reputation in their community, new technology, globalization and social media now take social awareness and social networking to a whole new level. According to Qualman (2009) global connectivity now results in both positive and negative messages regarding products and services becoming immediately, permanently and easily accessible to the whole world. EI is a valuable asset in employees, particularly in some specialist fields where charisma and empathy are required, such as, sales and marketing, counselling or nursing. Effective leaders, as part of their role in managing relationships, should embody competent levels of respect, empathy, courtesy, motivation and be able to inspire others. The importance of empathy can be illustrated by an American business called Toro who manufacture commercial lawn equipment. The nature of the product results in around 100 serious injuries annually, prior to the appointment of CEO Ken Melrose, Toro faced an average of 50 law suits per year, resulting in massive financial losses to the company. However, Melrose added empathy. Injured workers and their families where meet by company representativ es, sympathies where expressed, investigations made and any needs were meet at the onset. This change in policy has reduced the number of lawsuits from an  average of 50 per year to only one since 1991 when the policy was introduced (Rainey, Chan Begin, 2008). Furthermore, leaders need teams who are energetic, innovative, creative and passionate (Sloane, 2007). Understanding individual drives and motivations enables management to get the best results from their team. Effective management must be self-aware and have the ability to self-manage, including being aware of and managing moods, adapt appropriate emotions and behaviours to appropriate situations. Jack Welsh, Chairman of General Electric states that A leaders intelligence must have a strong emotional component. He has to have high levels of self-awareness, maturity and self-control.’ (as cited in Balakrishanan Mouli, 2011, p. 44). EI allows managers to get the best out of their employees. Perks (2007) advises that successful leaders are high in emotional intelligence; they maintain positive working relat ionships and employ adequate coping strategies in all areas of life. Leaders, ideally, should possess emotional intelligence to encourage the best of their team. Emotional intelligence, however, has its limitations. Cherniss (2010) even suggests that EI has produced the highest level of controversy in the social sciences of recent years. More clarity in regard to theory is required. Roberts, Matthews and Zeinder (2010) propose that EI models do not adequately address theory. Furthermore, Roberts suggests that emotional intelligence definitions lack clarity and questions the criterion of which qualities should belong under the banner of emotional intelligence. It seems necessary to adopt one clear common definition. Measures of EI are currently underdeveloped in this relatively new field, more research and the creation of better measures may improve construct validity (Cherniss, 2010). This may result in the development of greater understanding and respect for the field. There is no guarantee that a person high in EI, will use this asset in a positive manner. Individuals with high emotional intelligence may manipulate people or situations for personal gain. Saaty (2001) suggests that decisions are not always based on the greatest idea  but on a person’s ability to persuade others to accept the idea. More exploration and clarification is required to address some of the limitations of emotional intelligence. Modern organisations face fundamentally different problems from those of the in the past, globalization, increases in technology and staff turnover are just some of the issues being confronted. The belief has been held for around a century that higher intelligence in individuals is more valued due to their higher task performance (Viswesvaran Ones, 2002). Modern organisations provide services, and are organised according to a blend of individual’s, information and communication technology, social capital and recognized talents (Schoemaker Jonkers, 2005). The measuring of CI enables modern organisations an affordable and speedy way of evaluating an employee’s general mental ability. General mental ability has been related to occupational level on both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies (Schmidt Hunter, 2004). CI measures allow employers to apply specific cognitive abilities to valid and appropriate positions within the business with a view to discovering the bes t person for the job. According to Holloway (2003) employing the â€Å"right person for the job† or job fit is more essential now than ever. Job fit can be described as â€Å"the degree to which a person’s cognitive abilities, interests and personality dynamics fit those required for the job† (Russell, 2003, p.27). This is where the importance of emotional intelligences comes into play. A constant balance between understanding the individual drives and motivations of workers and ensuring staff remain engaged, enthusiastic and valued has many rewards for modern organisations. Incorporating a balance between both intelligences gives employees the greatest chance of achieving appropriate job fit. Holloway (2003) states that positive job fit, results in increased job satisfaction, increased productivity and reduced staff turnover. Furthermore, research by O’Reilly, Chatman and Caldwell (1991) suggests newly hired staff whose with values that fit in with the culture of the organisation tend to adjust quicker, remain longer with the company and are overall more satisfied. While Hollaway,  (2003) states th at understanding of workers in regards to work/life balance, personal goals and drives may encourage loyalty reducing turnover, saving on retraining and downtime. Furthermore, EI combined with CI addresses the gaps between management and workers through understanding of positive leading by example management that can result in emulation by employees resulting in a ripple effect throughout the organisation. There is a strong link between emotional intelligence and cognitive intelligence and the combination of both intelligences has become necessary for successful business relations in modern organisations. Cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence are each important factors in regard to individual differences in the field of organisational behaviour in modern organisations. While general mental ability accounts for many valuable employee assets such as efficiencies in regard to knowledge acquisition and technological aptitude, limitations to validity and measurement of testing and relevance mean that cognitive intelligence is not the only measure of a successful employee. Emotional intelligence also plays a key role in individual success in modern organisations. Effective leadership, self- awareness, social networking, empathy, self-management are all are assets of the emotionally intelligent. Modern organisations benefit from the combination of both intelligences by finding the best fit for the position resulting in higher job satisfaction, higher retention of staff and greater profits. References Balakrishanan, L., Mouli, S. (2011). Emotional Intelligence – A Key for Effective Employee Management. Amet Journal of Management,1(1),44. Retrieved from http://www.ametjournal.com/attachment/Amet-journal.pdf Bosco, F. A., Nathan, B., Allen, D. G. (2012, July). Higher validity and less adverse impact! Using â€Å"Executive Attention† to measure cognitive ability. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Personnel Assessment Council, Las Vegas, NV. Cherniss, C. (2010). Emotional intelligence: Toward clarification of a concept. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3(2), 110-126. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01231.x Elkind, P., Burke, D. (2008). The trouble with Steve. Fortune, 157, 54-63. Retrieved from http://personal.bellevuecollege.edu/llum/GBUS101/09WSteveJobs.pdf Gittell, J. H., Cameron, K., Lim, S., Rivas, V. (2006). Relationships, layoffs, and organizational resilience airline industry responses to September 11. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 42(3), 300-329. doi:10.1177/0021886306286466 Heylighen, F. (n.d.). Gifted People and their Problems. Retrieved from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/GiftedProblems.pdf Higgins, D. M., Peterson, J. B., Pihl, R. O., Lee, A. G. (2007). Prefrontal cognitive ability, intelligence, Big Five personality, and the prediction of advanced academic and workplace performance. Journal of personality and social psychology, 93(2), 298. doi:10.1037/00223514.93.2.298 Holloway, P. (2003). Job Fitness Series: The Right Person for the Job. AboutPeople. Retrieved from http://www.aboutpeople.com/PDFFiles/The%20Right%20Person%20For%20the%20Job.pdf Kelly, B., (2014). Importance of Teamwork in Organizations, Demand Media retrieved March 8, 2014. Retrieved from http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/importance-teamworkorganizations-12033.html McKenney, J. L., Copeland, D. C., Copeland, D. G., Mason, R. O. (1995).Waves of change: Business evolution through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Boston, USA. doi: 10.1080/08109029608632025 Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., Salovey, P. (1999). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27(4), 267-298. doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(99)00016-1 Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D., Barsade, S. G. (2008). Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annual Review Psychology, 59(1), 507-536. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093646 Nauta, N. Corten, F. (2002) Tijdschrift voor Bedrijfs- en Verzekeringsgeneeskunde Journal for Occupational and Insurance Physicians, 10(11), 332-335. doi:10.1007/12498.1876-5858 Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard Jr, T. J., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., Urbina, S. (1996). Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American psychologist, 51(2), 77. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.51.2.77 OReilly, C. A., Chatman, J., Caldwell, D. F. (1991). People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy of management journal, 34(3), 487-516. doi: 10.2307/256404 Patton, J. R. (2003). Intuition in decisions. Management Decision, 41(10), 989-996. doi:10.1108/00251740310509517 Perks, J. (2007, September). The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Business. Computer Weekly.com retrieved from http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240082956/The-role-of-emotionalintelligence-in-business Qualman, E. (2009). Socialnomics: How Social Media Transforms the Way we Live and do Business. Hoboken, USA. John Wiley Sons. doi:10.5860/CHOICE.48-1576 Rainey, M. B., Chan, K., Begin, J. (2008). Characterized by conciliation: Heres how business can use apology to diffuse litigation. Alternatives to the High Cost of Litigation, 26(7), 131-134. doi: 10.1002/alt.20237 Roberts, R. D., Matthews, G., Zeinder, M. (2010). Emotional Intelligence: Muddling Through Theory and Measurement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3, 140-144. doi: 10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01214.x Russell, C. (2003). Right Person, Right Job: Guess or KnowThe Breakthrough Technologies of Performance Information, (2nd ed.). Amherst, USA. HRD Press Inc. Saaty, T. L. (2001). Decision Making for Leaders: the Analytic Hierarchy Process for Decisions in a Complex World (2nd ed.). Pittsburgh, USA. RWS publications. doi: 10.1080/00137918308967693 Schmidt, F. L., Hunter, J. (2004). General Mental Ability in the World of Work: Occupational Attainment and Job Performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(1), 162173. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.162 Schoemaker, M., Jonker, J. (2005). Managing Intangible Assets: An Essay on Organising Contemporary Organisations Based upon Identity, Competencies and Networks. Journal of Management Development, 24(6), 506-518. doi: 10.1108/02621710510600964 Shea, S.(2009). Capstone: Communications Difficulties Among Individuals With and Without Aspergers Syndrome. Retrieved from: http://www.asdjobsink.com/CommunicationDifficulties.pdf Sloane, P. (2007). The Innovative Leader: How to Inspire Your Team and Drive Creativity. Philadelphia, USA. Kogan Page Publishers. Retrieved from: http://books.google.com.au/books?id=fb1vXOzjIBYCprintsec=frontcoversource=gbs_ge _summary_rcad=0#v=onepageqf=false Sternberg, R. J. 2006. Intelligence. Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. doi: 10.1002/0470018860.s00555 Viswesvaran, C. Ones, D. S. (2002). Agreements and Disagreements on the Role of General Mental Ability (GMA) in Industrial, Work, and Organizational Psychology. Human Performance, 15(1/2), 211-231. doi:10.1207/s15327043hup150102_13

Elasticity of Pecan Market :: essays research papers

The article â€Å"Big Crop Won’t Reduce Pecan Prices† is about how the market for pecans affects the both the wholesale market and the retail market. The article describes how pecans are relatively inelastic around major holidays, such as Thanksgiving and Christmas. It is stated that there was a 150 million pound increase in pecans from the previous year. Since there was such a great increase in quantity supplied, the price decreased. Since the demand for pecans is relatively inelastic, consumers are not affected by a change in price. This article also describes the difference between the wholesale market and the retail market for pecans. Wholesale markets produce the pecans, and sell them to retailers for a low price; between seventy-five to eighty-five cents per pound. While the retailers purchase the pecans for a low price, they turn around and sell them to consumers for about five times the price they paid for them. The pecan producers have no control over the pric es that they sell the pecans at, and they have no control over the price that the retailers sell the pecans at.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The wholesale pecan market is a perfectly competitive market. There are lots of different suppliers, and it’s a highly standardized product. The demand and supply curves are relatively inelastic due to the craze for pecans during the holidays. The massive increase in pecans supplied causes the price per pound of pecans to decrease greatly. The graph (on the left) represents the increase in demand.    Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The graph above and off to the right represents the demand and marginal cost for a firm. In the retail market, they have control over the price at which they sell their products to consumers. In the article they state that the firms buy the pecans from wholesale markets for a small price, like eighty-five cents, and then they go off and sell the same pecans for $5.50. A decrease in the price causes a decrease in marginal cost.

The Technique Of Anaesthesia Health And Social Care Essay

The anesthesiologist should choose the optimum technique for any given patient and process. The pick of anesthetic technique that patients receive depends on the nature and continuance of the surgical process being performed and patients ‘ physical and psychological wellness position. General anesthesia has several advantages ; facilitates complete control of the air passage, external respiration, and circulation. It allows executing a long lasting operation even at different parts of the organic structure at the same clip. It is besides the preferable method in instance of allergy/ sensitiveness to local anesthetics ( LA ) drugs used in regional anesthesia. However, there are some disadvantages to the usage of general anesthesia. Some grade of physiological alterations may happen. It besides needs some readying before surgery and requires complex and dearly-won machinery. There are some side effects and complications attached to general anesthesia. Although they are by and large uncommon in healthy people ; this frequently depends on several factors, including age of the patients ( greatest at the extremes of age ) [ 3 ] , or related to the ASA scaling of the patient ( higher in ASA IV-V ) [ 4, 5 ] . However, the Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths has shown that general anesthesia is a direct cause of mortality in merely 0.0007 % [ 6 ] . The commonest side effects associated with general anesthesia including postoperative sickness and emesis ( PONV ) , concern, sore pharynx, shuddering, itchiness, and urinary keeping. Intra-operative consciousness and external respiration troubles are uncommon side effects which occur in less than 1.5 -2 in 1000 anesthetics [ 7 ] . General anesthesia is besides doing serious complications such as anaphylaxis, myocardial infarction, malignant hyperthermy, sever encephalon hurt, and peripheral nervus harm ; although these complications are really rare and carry a hazard of less than 1 in 10,000 – 1 in 100,000 instances [ 7, 8 ] .Local anesthesiaLocal anesthesia is used to barricade hurting in a portion of the organic structure ( by cut downing axonal membrane permeableness to Na and temporarily barricading nervus conductivity ) ; this will blunt the integral tegument or mucous secretion membrane so patients will non experience hurting and any other esthesis ; it allows patients to stay to the full watchful. The process is normally of short continuance and anesthesia is performed by shooting, spraying, or topical application of local anesthetic drugs at, or near, the site of the process. Normally used local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine and bupivacaine. These vary in their oncoming of action ( 0 – 5 min ) and continuance of the block ( 15 – 200 min ) . There are different types and signifiers of local anesthetics used, including injection ( infiltration anesthesia ) , spray and pick ( topical anesthesia ) . An illustration of this is local anesthetic used for dental intervention. Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics ( EMLA ) pick is a topical signifier of local anesthetics ( lidocaine + prilocaine ) . This is widely used to ease cutaneal processs ( e.g. Circumcision, venipuncture, arterial puncture, leg ulcers ) , particularly in kids [ 9, 10 ] . Although local anesthesia is non utile for supplying anesthesia for major operations ; it allows the public presentation of minor processs such as suturing a minor lesion. It could besides supply equal analgesia postoperatively by infiltration of the surgical lesion [ 11 ] . Other local anesthetics, such as cocaine, are used for topical anesthesia on mucose membranes. Patients may hold an allergic reaction to the local anesthetic used, which is normally rare ( less than 1:400,000 anesthetics ) [ 12 ] . Systemic toxicity ( CNS, cardiac toxicity ) may happen due to rapid systemic soaking up, or accidental injection of LA into circulation although it is by and large really rare [ 13 ] .Conscious sedationConscious sedation or endovenous sedation [ 14 ] has different attack to the construct of blunting the nervus or bring forthing a province of unconsciousness. This is normally chosen to loosen up patients and do them experience sleepy but remain awake plenty to retain the protective physiological reactions and communicate with the anesthesiologist. Specific hurting medicines are administered intravenously along with a ataractic drug to understate patients ‘ uncomfortableness. The latter drugs give another advantage of doing impermanent memory loss, so that patients may non retrieve what happens during the process [ 15 ] . This type of anesthesia is used, for illustration, for some diagnostic processs ( e.g. stomachic endoscopy ) .Regional anesthesiaRegional anesthesia is so named because a â€Å" part † of the organic structure, such as the upper limb or lower limb, is anesthetised without doing the individual unconscious. This involves injection of the local anesthetic stopping point to nervousnesss ( e.g. peripheral nervus block ) , or straight into the cardinal nervous system ( e.g. spinal block ) . The practical beginning of regional anesthesia was every bit early as 1884 by Halsted & A ; Hall ( USA ) , when they demonstrated successful anesthesia by intraneural injection of cocaine into centripetal nervousnesss ( supraocular, infraoribital, ulnar, and inferior dental consonant ) . Just one twelvemonth subsequently ( 1885 ) , accidently, Dr J. Leonard Corning ( USA ) has administered the first spinal anesthetic utilizing cocaine on a Canis familiaris. It was non until 1891, when Dr Quincke ( USA ) foremost demonstrated the feasibleness of needle interpolation through the dura ( spinal puncture ) , before it was foremost used successfully by Dr August K. G. Bier ( Germany ) in animate beings and so on himself in 1898. Epidural anesthesia was first described in 1885 by Corning utilizing caudal attack ; but a chiseled technique via lumber injection was non used until 1930s [ 16 ] . Few old ages subsequently, P Ansbro ( USA ) has foremost reported uninterrupted peripheral nervus bl ock ( CPNB ) [ 17 ] . He described a successful uninterrupted brachial rete block. This type of regional anesthesia was foremost introduced by the German sawbones August K. G. Bier in 1908 ; therefore the name, â€Å" Bier ‘s block † . Bier injected prilocaine into a antecedently exsanguinated limb. The block plants by the direct diffusion of the injected local anesthetic from the venas into the neighbouring nervousnesss. This block consequences in a complete anesthesia for the limb to be operated. Its usage is limited to below-elbow or below articulatio genus processs. Prilocaine is the drug of pick for Intravenous regional anesthesia, as it is the least toxic local anesthetic and has the largest curative index. The popularity of Bier ‘s block has increased more after debut of Lidocaine as a replacement for prilocaine. Prilocaine and Lidocaine were found to be of comparable in oncoming, continuance, quality of block, and safety [ 18 ] . The development in pharmacological and pharmacokinetics of local anesthetics used, and the promotion in the te chniques has led the Bier ‘s Block to go one of the most normally used regional anesthetic techniques [ 19-24 ] . This technique is frequently preferred for minor processs that last for less than 1 hr on the manus and forearm ( e.g. deletion of carpus ganglia, tendon grafting ) . Time bound of 1 hr is due to the uncomfortableness caused by the applied compression bandage on the operable limb, which is happening if the process lasted beyond 1 hr. Another restriction of this type of anesthesia is the deficiency of postoperative analgesia, as the block wears off shortly after the release of compression bandage. Systemic toxicity of local anesthetic ( CNS toxicity ) is the chief complication of this technique, although it is really rare ; chiefly due to an excessively loose compression bandages or to the failure of equipment ( inadvertent compression bandage deflation ) . This technique is simple, easy to larn and execute, and really safe if big doses of local anesthetics are avoided and careful monitoring of tourniquet force per unit area is ensured, along with immediate handiness of resuscitation equipments. In spinal anesthesia, a little sum of local anesthetic ( e.g. bupivacaine ) is injected into the cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) in subarachnoid infinite, at lumbar vertebral inter-space L3/L4 or L4/L5, and causes a loss of esthesis of the lower organic structure. The block is normally achieved in a few proceedingss and stopping points for a few hours. Spinal anesthesia provides first-class surgical anesthesia and it preferred technique for most patients as they stay awake during the operation, so they are able to speak, ask, and listen to music. It besides provides good analgesia in the few hours following surgery, fewer drugs used, higher satisfaction, and lower mortality rate ( in patients who had Caesarean subdivision ) [ 26, 27 ] . In extradural block, a big volume of local anesthetic is injected through a catheter placed in the extradural ( epidural ) infinite, merely before piercing the dura and come ining the subarachnoid infinite. The oncoming of action and the continuance of the resulted block of this technique are longer than that of spinal anesthesia. The extradural catheter is used to let a uninterrupted disposal of local anesthetic ( either, extract or exceed up boluses ) for postoperative analgesia for hours or even yearss. Peripheral nervus block ( PNB ) is one of the methods of regional anesthesia that is used to cut down hurting and let for surgical processs. PNB is a technique which can be used to barricade a specific country such as one pes, or one arm, by injection of the local anesthetic around the nervousnesss, doing the operable country feel asleep and so the patient feels no hurting. There are different techniques of PNB described for upper or lower limb surgery. Although CPNB has demonstrated its efficaciousness if right placed [ 32, 33 ] ; inaccurate arrangement of catheters and the attendant failure block or unequal analgesia were reported every bit high as 40 % [ 34, 35 ] . Confirmation of the catheter location is disputing. The usage of a stimulating catheter may better the truth and success of the technique [ 36 ] . However there was a contention about its effectivity [ 37 ] . In some Centres, anaesthetists no longer utilize or learn nerve stimulator techniques [ 38 ] . Ultrasound is besides non dependable to adequately visualize the catheter ; hence, this technique is normally used along with the nervus stimulator in CPNB [ 39 ] . There are some possible advantages of utilizing PNB over general anesthesia. The patient remains witting and is cognizant of what is traveling on around him. Air passages are maintained throughout the process with minimum hazard of aspiration of stomachic contents. Patients normally enjoy a drum sander recovery which requires less nursing attention. Regional anesthesia has besides been shown to supply first-class intra-operative anesthesia, and to cut down the strength and continuance of postoperative hurting for up to 18 hours. The usage of local anesthetic drugs in regional anesthesia techniques and avoiding opioid analgesia has shown an betterment in the quality of postoperative analgesia, clip to first analgesia and a decrease in side effects and complications. These advantages might be as a consequence of reduced dosage of opioids, non straight linked to the good consequence of regional anaesthesia/analgesia. Postoperative sickness and emesis ( PONV ) is common side consequence among patients holding surgery [ 41-43 ] . Generally, regional anesthesia is associated with a comparatively lower incidence of PONV as compared to general anesthesia [ 44, 45 ] . In peculiar, CPNB which has proved to cut down the incidence of hurting and PONV [ 46, 47 ] . However, today ‘s general anesthesia with the debut of new anesthetic agents ( e.g. propofol ) has besides reduced the hazard of PONV [ 42 ] . Regional anesthesia is frequently reserved for those with high hazard of holding PONV from general anesthesia, peculiarly with volatile agents [ 43 ] . A longer period of hurting alleviation can be achieved by adding some medicines to local anesthetics ( e.g. morphia or Fentanyl ) . Although this may lend, to some grade, in increasing the hazard of PONV and itchiness, these side effects were comparable in both techniques [ 29 ] . Intrathecal opioid has besides demonstrated a better quality of analgesia than systemic opioid analgesia [ 48 ] . Continuous extract of local anesthetics is now considered the gilded criterion for hurting alleviation in the postoperative period. It has demonstrated better analgesia than individual shooting PNB [ 49 ] or patient-controlled analgesia ( PCA ) [ 50 ] . Trouble alleviation can be provided utilizing CPNB for yearss or even hebdomads. Preemptive analgesia is another possible method for bettering hurting tonss. This involves establishing injection of local anesthetics around nervousnesss pre-operatively to cut down postoperative hurting [ 51 ] . Despite strong grounds of its efficaciousness in carnal theoretical accounts [ 52 ] , and some clinical surveies [ 53, 54 ] , there is still controversy environing the dependability and effectivity of this technique in clinical scenes [ 55-58 ] . Neuraxial anesthesia has demonstrated several possible advantages over general anesthesia. It has significantly reduced the continuance of operation, PONV, hazard of thrombo-embolic disease, the demand for blood transfusion, pneumonic complications ( e.g. atelectasis, infection ) . Neuraxial anesthesia allows for better postoperative hurting alleviation, which may cut down pneumonic complications ( e.g. pneumonic intercalation ) , allow early mobilization, and possibly shortening infirmary stay [ 40, 59 ] . Similarly, hurting alleviation provided by PNB, particularly with CPNB, allows for early mobilization which could finally cut down the incidence of thrombo-embolism disease ( DVT or pneumonic intercalation ) and joint stiffness, sleep perturbation, and improved patients ‘ satisfaction [ 60-62 ] . There is a small grounds in the literature to back up the good consequence of regional anesthesia on mortality and surgical results ( e.g. complications, continuance of surgery, and early ambulation ) . Leaden grounds suggests that regional anesthesia has the potency to better these results [ 59 ] . In general, intra-operative hazards of regional anesthesia are somewhat less than that of general anesthesia. However, hazards are highly low presents ( 1 in 100,000 deceases ) in both techniques [ 63 ] , due to the promotion of techniques, accomplishments and of all time bettering guidelines. Despite all the complications associated with regional anesthesia, peculiarly with neuroaxial blocks, the safety profile of these techniques is perchance higher than that of general anesthesia. Hawkins et Al [ 26 ] reported a steady decrease in mortality rate ( in patients who had Caesarean subdivision ) over old ages ( 1979 – 1990 ) , compared to that for general anesthetics which remains the same. Furthermore, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists has reported a important decrease in mortality from 9 in 1000,000 ( 1981 ) to 1.4 in 1000,000 ( 1999 ) [ 27 ] . However, there was deficient grounds to back up the usage of these techniques in cut downing the mortality rate in other types of surgery such as orthopedic [ 59 ] .Disadvantages of regional anesthesiaRegional anesthesia, similar to general anesthesia, needs some acquired accomplishments and the larning curve of regional anesthesia is well high. Epidural and spinal anesthesia are more hard to larn than som e techniques used in general anesthesia, such as tracheal cannulation or arterial line arrangement [ 64 ] . Novitiates normally achieve an betterment after 20 – 25 spinal or extradural processs ; nevertheless, competence ( defined as success rate of a†°? 90 % ) is normally reached with a lower limit of 45 – 90 processs. In contrast, competence in peripheral nervus block was reached in about 62 – 70 efforts [ 65 ] . In comparing to other anesthetic accomplishments, cannulation and arterial line arrangement larning curve reached competence after an norm of 57 and 60 efforts, severally [ 64, 65 ] . Sites et al [ 66 ] demonstrated that novitiates can quickly get the hang the basic ultrasound accomplishments required for successful fake interventional processs. This has shown an betterment in truth, up to 59 % after merely 3 tests. Clinically, and utilizing ultrasound counsel, a success rate of 93.6 % was demonstrated after 66 peripheral nervus blocks [ 67 ] , and 94 % after merely 60 extradural punctures [ 68 ] . For assorted grounds, regional anesthesia may non be plenty to transport out the surgical process and it may necessitate some deliverance analgesia, sedation or even transition to general anesthesia. Another disadvantage is a delayed oncoming of action ( which may take up to 20 – 30 proceedingss ) to be wholly sufficient to execute the surgery. Regional anesthesia is besides non suited for some operation such as cardiac surgery.Complications in regional anesthesiaThere are several side effects and complications that are common to all types of regional anesthesia and some specific to each technique. Most of the complications of regional anesthesia are comparatively minor and easy managed [ 69 ] . However, some serious complications still may happen but at really low rate. The approximative incidence of these major complications is between 0.2 – 5 in 10,000 ( in grownups ) [ 70 ] . This is lower in pediatric and obstetric population ( & lt ; 0.1 in 10.000 ) [ 71, 72 ] . Complications are chiefly related to cardinal techniques ( spinal and extradural ) ; for illustration, spinal cord harm ( due to direct injury or equipment failure, haematoma and infection ) , and systemic toxicity ( due to inadvertent endovenous injection of local anesthetic drugs ) . If these occur, results are normally hapless, and intervention of complications is supportive [ 73 ] . Temporary nervus hurt in regional anesthesia occurs in less than 1 % of all instances ; about all patients make a full recovery within 6 hebdomads. Permanent nerve hurt is a really rare complication and it occurs in 1 in 10,000 instances. Other side effects associated with regional anesthesia including PONV, bruises, concern ( relates to goad design and gage size ) , hypotension ( due to peripheral vasodilatation ) , urinary keeping, itchiness and back hurting. These are common man in cardinal techniques of regional anesthesia ( particularly spinal anesthesia ) [ 70, 74-76 ] . Infection following regional anesthetic techniques is really rare. However, certain patients with co-morbidities ( e.g. HIV patients, on corticosteroid intervention ) may hold a higher hazard of infection than otherwise healthy patients. The hazard of infection in regional anesthesia can be greatly minimised by following rigorous sterile safeguards during the public presentation of the block. The hazard of systemic toxicity is somewhat higher in extradural anesthesias due to the big volume of local anesthetic used. Other terrible and rare complications might besides happen such as extradural abscess or haematoma, meningitis, neurologic hurt, cardiac apprehension, with incidence less than 1 in 10,000 instances [ 25, 77, 78 ] . Failure rate is considered as one of the commonest complications of regional anesthesia. The overall failure rate of regional anesthesia is about 1 – 5 % [ 70 ] . In PNB, unequal block with attendant unequal analgesia is history for 1 in 100 instances. The rate of transition to general anesthesia of spinal/ extradural anesthesia is somewhat lower ( 1.3 – 4.9 % ) than PNB ( 1 – 10 % ) [ 79-82 ] , possibly due to the acquaintance of anesthesiologists and the short acquisition curve of cardinal neuraxial techniques. Several factors are responsible for block failure, including clinicians ‘ accomplishments, handiness and easiness of usage of equipment and devices, and other factors related to the patients ( e.g. age, ASA position, weight, anxiousness ) . Ultimately, block failure means transition to general anesthesia or proroguing the operation. That is why anesthesiologists should non execute regional anesthesia unless the operating theater is to the full equi pped and staffed to execute general anesthesia when this happened. As mentioned, handiness and the easiness of usage of instruments ( e.g. nervus stimulator, ultrasound ) are of import factors determined the success of the block. These instruments, if failing ( e.g. malfunction, dislocation, needle design ) , will take to some complications. For illustration, systemic toxicity due to displacement of LA-infusing catheter into blood watercourse or subarachnoid infinite, hapless images utilizing ultrasound leads to steel harm or block failure, or concern when utilizing cutting spinal acerate leafs.Methods of nervus localization of functionSurface landmarksThis technique of nervus localization of function depends on the surface anatomic landmarks for supplying regional anesthesia. This blind technique is normally hard and clip consuming. Inaccurate needle arrangement normally consequences in high rate of block failure ( up to 15 % ) [ 83 ] . It is besides associated with high per centum of complications ( e.g. nerve hurt [ 84, 85 ] , vascular puncture [ 86 ] , pneumothorax [ 87 ] , and systemic toxicity [ 88 ] ) . Multiple needle interpolation and the long clip required to happen the nervus and infix the acerate leaf can be painful to the patient, and may increase anxiousness.Nerve stimulationPuting acerate leafs and catheters in propinquity to peripheral nervousnesss involves a stimulating acerate leaf or weaving a catheter through a stimulating acerate leaf following successful nerve stimulation [ 31 ] . This is the chief construct of nerve stimulation technique used in regional anesthesia or supplying analgesia. Nerve stimulation technique was the gilded criterion for peripheral nervus block, and it was described as an effectual and safe technique for needle counsel in regional anesthesia [ 89-91 ] . This method relies on anatomical landmarks to steer the acerate leaf or the catheter near to the targeted nervus. This technique is effectual when the anesthesiologist is decently trained [ 92, 93 ] . However, it is non possible to corroborate the concluding location of the needle tip and the catheter with regard to the targeted nervus. The form of local anesthetic solution spread is besides hard to measure. The nerve stimulation technique is frequently hard due to anatomical variableness and the deeper location of the nervus [ 94 ] . As a consequence, a assortment of possible complications might happen ( e.g. lasting harm to the nervus or nearby constructions ) . Systemic toxicity ( due to intravascular injection of local anesthetic ) may besides happen. In add-on, failure rate of this technique is around 5-20 % [ 95-97 ] . This technique is besides associated with patients ‘ uncomfortableness during the process because of the increased figure of needle base on ballss. This technique is non utile in surgery affecting kids.UltrasoundMeasuring the place of inserted acerate leafs and threade d catheters utilizing ultrasound is important in increasing success rate and cut downing complications. Therefore, understanding of how to utilize this public-service corporation is really of import. With this image-guided technique, the designation of surface landmarks is even going less of import. 2D ultrasound-guided needle interpolation or catheter arrangement allows direct visual image of the acerate leafs and the catheters during their arrangement in a close propinquity to the nervus, which may increase the safety and effectivity of the block, particularly with blocks affecting superficial nervousnesss. In catheter arrangement, this may besides cut down the demand for x-ray imagination to corroborate its location [ 98 ] . Central neuraxial blocks appear to be hard to execute under ultrasound counsel [ 99 ] , chiefly due to the deepness of constructions and dominating by castanetss. The figure of users of this technique among anesthesiologists is turning, chiefly due to the direct visual image of the progressing acerate leaf or catheter and the nervus. However, real-time ultrasound visual image of acerate leafs and catheters is still suboptimal with the current ultrasound imagination engineering, particularly for visualizing perineural catheters. This is attributed to several factors, including hapless image declaration, unequal preparation. Three/ four dimensional ( 3D/4D ) ultrasound is besides used for needle interpolation and catheter arrangement in PNB [ 100-103 ] . In literature, this engineering is still in its early phases and informations available do non back up its usage in PNB. The chief issues in the limited usage of this engineering are including the strangeness of the practicians with this fresh engineering, complexness, and the high cost of the machines.Central venous entree in regional anesthesiaCentral venous catheter ( CVC ) canulation is one of the indispensable elements of the health care provided to surgical patients. It has been estimated that about 200,000 cardinal venous canulation processs are performed every twelvemonth in the NHS [ 104 ] , and more than 5 1000000s in the United States [ 105 ] . CVC arrangement is normally performed in different fortes ( e.g. anesthesia, intensive attention, surgery, exigency medical specialty, and hemodialysis ) . These catheters are placed for several indicants, normally as a vascular entree for giving fluids to supplement any hapless peripheral venous entree, administrating drugs for prolonged periods ( e.g. entire parental nutrition, chemotherapy ) , repeated sampling, cardinal venous force per unit area monitoring, cardiac and pneumonic arteria catheterization, and cardiac tempo. Normally cannulated venas are internal and external jugular venas, subclavian, femoral, and antecubital venas. For each vena there is a specific technique and attack for canulation. Seldinger technique ( Catheter over guidewire ) is the preferable method for canulation in most venas. Other techniques of catheter arrangement are catheter over the needle ( easiest and fastest methods of interpolation ) and catheter through the needle ( least common due to high hazard of intercalation ) .

Globalization: Toms a Commodity Fetish Essay

Globalization is the international influence, change, and interaction within or between countries and or nations. This creates an idea of connectedness between the facilitating nation and the nation being influenced. Within this interaction and influence on another nation there becomes this desire to become a â€Å"trendsetter† through the use of products and other various commodities throughout the world. One such example can be seen through the United States which is associated with so many different types of brands such as Coca-Cola or Nike. These influences and trends though cannot be simply placed anywhere, rather they are developed and strategically thought of where they would be best placed and as well alternated to fit within a new environment for optimum consumption. These changes can either hinder a product or can help it through the way in which it is advertised and accepted into the local market. Such an example can be seen through TOMS shoe company where their goal is â€Å"to show how together, we can create a better tomorrow by taking compassionate action today† (Toms.com). TOMS’ business model of buy a pair give a pair is marketed to the U.S. in a way that plays with people’s emotions so that their product becomes a fetish through the idea that once a pair of shoes is bought people are doing good for another person; in particular children in other countries without shoes. This correlates with both Marx’s commodity fetish theory, the cultural imperialism theory and Mazzarella’s idea of the impact of imagery through the direct way TOMS is directed to the consumer and as well how there is an indirect influence from the TOMS shoe company onto the other various countries that they take their shoes to through the positive imagery that is created through the global impact that the company is trying to make. TOMS was started by founder Blake Mycoskie in 2006 after he had gone to Argentina in 2002 and saw the extreme poverty and health conditions and in particular children without shoes (toms.com). The original product came from an Argentine shoe called an alpargata which was worn by the local farmers in the region; it’s a canvas or fabric material with rubber soles. Mycoskie took the alpargata to the U.S. but changed and reinvented it for the American market so that there could be a product that made a positive impact, which ultimately translates to the â€Å"One for One† campaign, where with every one pair of shoes bought another pair would be given to a child in need (toms.com). The reason for the production and business of shoes is due to two reasons first many children in impoverished places live in areas that have unsafe terrains, such as a lack of unpaved roads. Second, there are also health concerns that are transmitted from the soil which is caused by not wearing sh oes. Lastly TOMS did some research and found that many schools require children to wear shoes to the classroom and without shoes or even the right color of shoes that child would not be able to go into the classroom (Daniel:2011:2). With this Mycoskie was able to start a business that now has manufacturing sites in China, Argentina, and Ethiopia (Daniel:2011:4). These production factories are divided up into two â€Å"departments† where the Argentinean and Ethiopian factories are where the donated shoes are produced only and the China factory is where the shoes that go to the United States are produced (toms.com). Because TOMS is a private company meaning that they are â€Å"a business company owned either by non-governmental organizations or by a relatively small number of shareholders or company members which does not offer or trade its company shares to the general public on the stock market exchanges, but rather the company’s stock is offered, owned and traded or exchanged privately† (businessnow.com). This then allows TOMS to be more private and less in the open about what is going on in their factories and other various production stages. However, TOMS is open about their manufacturing practices and according to the TOMS website they ensure that no children are working in the manufacturing process of their shoes. As well they want to help their supply employees through training them and educating them in the knowledge of what human trafficking is and as well slavery prevention. They â€Å"follow local labor standards†; which fluctuate from place to place which gives a very vague reality of what their â€Å"real† standards are. TOMS’ website does say that all factories are audited by third parties, each employer signs a code of conduct in which they are agreeing to follow the stipulations to TOMS company, there are regular visits made by TOMS production staff to make sure they are working and adhering to the code of conduct and other various working standards, and that all their standards are based off of the International Labor Organization Compliance Standards (toms.com). The intent of such standards, then, is to establish a worldwide minimum level of protection from inhumane labor practices through the adoption and implementation of said measures. â€Å"It is the aim of international labor standards to ensure the provision of such rights in the workplace, such as against workplace aggression, bullying, discrimination and gender inequality on the other hands for working diversity, workplace democracy and empowerment†(ilo.org). The basic stages of the production of the shoes goes from a team that draws up the ideas of the shoes, to a mock make-up of the shoe, then the design goes to the factories where they are made and then shipped to the U.S. where they are distributed to the various relaters and non-profit organizations that they partner with for â€Å"shoe drops.† Overall though, there is little information of the production stages and how the production facilities are like; which causes concern seeing as how they have built their ima ge on doing good for others and want to have a positive impact on the local economies. It becomes important to acknowledge that TOMS is a â€Å"for-profit company with giving at its core† (toms.com). TOMS partners up with other various non-profit organizations that run parallel goals and standards as TOMS does. This then means that each non-profit organization that TOMS partners with needs to meet certain criteria. There are six requirements that the organizations need to fulfill to be able to partner up with TOMS. First they need to have repeated giving which is where the potential organization must have the capability to be active within the same communities on a regular basis throughout the years. Second they need to have high impact which means that the organization’s mission and goals need to support health and education in a fashion that underlies the principle of giving a child an opportunity they normally would not have. Third enhancing impact through partnership, TOMS strives to make an influential impact in communities where they donate and the partnering organization needs to have their mission and goals coincide with TOMS’. Fourth, they need to be considerate of the local economy so that there is not a negative impact on the economy only a positive one. Fifth they need to be able to receive large shipments of TOMS’ shoes so that they may distribute the shoes to the places they focus on. Lastly, the potential partnering establishment needs to be comprehensively founded on health and education, so that the distribution of the new shoes not only supports TOMS’ mission but runs parallel with the establishments’ goals (toms.com). These non-profit organizations are not only an important aspect to the overall business of TOMS through the ability to give out the donated shoes but as well to spread the word about TOMS to the various communities that they reach. Non-profit organizations play a key role throughout the TOMS company process. Without these partnering organizations there would not be as frequent â€Å"shoe drops.† These â€Å"shoe drops† are where the donated shoes are given to the children in the targeted area. Each organization plays a key role through going to different places that they see fit and in need of shoes. Even after the shoes have been delivered, TOMS continues to maintain relationships with its giving partners and the communities (toms.com). TOMS constantly monitors its partners for accountability. Additionally the organization recognizes that one pair of shoes is not going to last for the child’s entire lifetime. â€Å"Therefore, as the children grow out of their shoes—approximately every six months—TOMS provides replacement shoes to these same children on a regular basis† (Daniel:2011:5). A schedule is set up with the identified community and local giving partner to maintain a regular Shoe Drop for the children. TOMS’ believes that repeat giving allows it to understand the local’s needs more thoroughly. TOMS also works to adapt its products to account for the region’s terrain, weather, and education requirements (toms.com). However, despite the use of these non-profit organization partnerships there is still a need to spread the word about what the TOMS company is all about and what they are trying to do. The TOMS company does not use conventional advertising in the sense that they use television or newspaper ads rather they use social media to spread what they are doing through the various outlets such as viral videos, blogs, Twitter, Facebook, Tumbler, and Youtube. Its approach has allowed TOMS to reach a vast audience worldwide. TOMS maintains its own blog to educate the public about current events in the company. Additionally, many consumers create their own digital content regarding their experiences with TOMS Shoes. By encouraging events and word-of-mouth communication, TOMS is allowing consumers to do much of the marketing for the company. There is a very strong need for participation from the consumers to spread the word and the idea behind TOMS; so much so that they invite the consumer to be part of the â€Å"movement† (toms.com). The movement for TOMS is a wide range of various activities that the consumers can participate in; from on campus programs, one day without shoes, and most importantly buying their shoes so that another pair can go to a child in need, in other words â€Å"One for One.† The images that are presented in these pictures and information videos there becomes a very powerful image behind them. This coincides with Mazzarella’s argument that the image is a powerful image and how that powerful image then is a created for a local identity on a particular product for each specific place. With TOMS there is a sense of creating a local identity through who the audience is but there is more of an idea that anyone can join in what they are about and doing no matter the age or stage of live one is in. Because, the TOMS Company is asking participation from the consumer they in essence are also asking them to create a meaning behind their purchase and consumption of their shoe product; this in turn causes the shoes to become fetishized. The shoes take on a new meaning for the consumer other than just another pair of shoes. They become a symbol of hope, a chance for a child, a generous gift, and an opportunity for change for the consumer (cite). According to Marx’s theory of the commodity fetish when an object is treated as alive it becomes a fetish. As well Marx argues that capitalism produces its own fetishes through turning basic human needs such as food, warmth, shelter, and shoes into wants; they try to seduce the consumer. The consumer does not think then of the use value the product just becomes something that they want and more often than not the wants are very shallow (Marx). However, TOMS tries to put an anti-shallow want on their shoes through the use of playing with the consumers emotions. TOMS plays at the heart-strings of the consumer so that there becomes an emotional link between the consumer and the product; if the shoes are bought then a child is getting helped. As Marx points out there is an emotional quality in the product and this is often heightened through the way in which it is advertised. Even though TOMS does not use the conventional ways of advertising they do however, put a positive feeling into their information videos that add and heighten this emotional affect. TOMS shoe company falls into this idea of a commodity fetish because TOMS is asking the consumer to fill in the space between the product and the means of it; to fill in the gap according to Marx. TOMS makes its product seem so enticing for the consumer to do good that often times it is forgotten that the company is a for-profit company and it almost gets seen as a non-profit company because of the way in which the company brings forth what it is trying to do. This in turn changes the meaning of the shoe from just a shoe into what the consumers want it to mean. The meaning of the product is not just individually made but socially created and functioning but the use value remains the same; the meaning of the commodity is never locked down rather it is always change and fluxing with the social aspect and get filled with personal lives and not just the companies meaning (Marx). However, even though there is a positive spin on consuming TOMS shoes it’s important to look at how TOMS only releases certain information on what they are doing and their product; they present everything that they do in a way that they are always doing good and nothing bad. This in turn ties in with Cultural Imperialism. Cultural Imperialism is the indirect influence of one culture onto another. It can be argued that while TOMS is having an impact and therefore influence on the cultures that they donate the shoes and have factories in they are in essence having a more influence on the American economic culture through the way in which they have â€Å"revolutionized† the way in which to build a business model (Mendez:2011:7). They did this through the way in which the company was created under the premise that sales equal the good done. Mycoskie said, â€Å"†¦we know every day that we’re going to give away one pair of shoes for every one we sell, and that’s that. If we can’t make the business work that way, then the business just doesn’t work.† Many small businesses have now started to model their practices after this one-for-one model however they have not been as successful as TOMS especially if these companies are truly non-profit organizations (thewor ld.com). According to a Wall Street Journal â€Å"Toms is going a step further than most in blurring the difference between brand and charity; the brand doesn’t exist outside the charitable work.† Which helps explains why they have been so successful in selling their product because they are blurring those lines between the product brand and the charity aspect which often times is not the case when a major company wants to do charity work. Because of this blurring of the lines between corporate and charity this causes an influence in the United States corporate culture. Even though it may not be global in the sense that it’s an American company influencing the American corporation world it still is a type of cultural imperialism. However according to Mazzarella cultural imperialism is the tool that is used to create chaos in which only the ad companies only have the solution to. Again with the way in which TOMS places their imagery through social media sources there almost becomes an indirect way that they are trying to portray the good they are doing in the forefront while whatever other impacts they may be occurring to the wayside so that it appears there is no influe nce created by TOMS and its industry both throughout the world and the United States local economy. Overall, TOMS shoe company is one that wants to bring good to those in need. However, there are several questions that arise such as if they are doing what they say they are why are their production facilities and practices so hidden? Or why don’t they allow people to see just how much the difference in facilities in the United States and their factories in Argentina, Ethiopia and China? Lastly are they truly only having positive impacts to the local economies in which they donate their shoes or are they also having a negative one as well? The company is very open on the good they are doing and create a very powerful image that directly relates to the fetishism of their shoes with the consumer and their desire themselves to have a positive impact through their consumption of a product rather than guilt. As Mazzarella states the â€Å"global is constructed locally just as much as the local is constructed globally† (2003:17). This can be seen through how with the local imagery that is created in the United States that is seen as a positive image of TOMS is directed to the rest of the world even though while it may appear very true there are still many things about the overall corporation the TOMS company keeps hidden from the consumers eyes. This then is also how their cultural imperialistic impact is played through how the positive image is translated from the local to the global. Overall, TOMS offers a solution to short-term symptoms of poverty but does not address the root cause of poverty (Costello:2012:12). In conclusion it might be better to buy a pair of shoes for half the price and then write a check for a foundation that support the local economies infrastructure that TOMS is impacting so there can be more of a long-term impact rather than a short-term. However, there is a desire to create a positive impact and while there can never be a perfect model to create a business that is always creating a positive impact the TOMS company just might be on to something. Works Cited Bartter, Jacqueline. â€Å"A New Model of Corporate Social Responsibility.† Iprs.uscs.edu. University of California, San Diego, 2012. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. http://irps.ucsd.edu/assets/001/503681.pdf Costello, Amy. â€Å"Buy One and Give One, Inside TOMS Shoes†. Tiny Spark. Chronicle of Philanthropy. March, 15, 2012. F., Daniel. â€Å"Toms: One For the Movement.† University of New Mexico, 2011. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. http://danielsethics.mgt.unm.edu/pdf/TOMS%20Case.pdf Marx, Karl, and David McLellan. Selected Writings. Oxford [Eng.: Oxford UP, 1977. Print. Mazzarella, William. Shoveling Smoke: Advertising and Globalization in Contemporary India. Durham: Duke UP, 2003. Print. â€Å"TOMS SHOES LOGO.† TOMS Shoes & Eyewear Official Store. N.p., n.d. 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